This study aimed to identify a meta-analysis of the relationship between Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment in Iran. Intervention such as an educational program for communities’ members to change their behaviors, policy on the mechanism of distribution of antibiotics is called for in this area.Background and Objective: Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment effects in increasing patient’s satisfaction and improving the performance of hospitals. Self-medication with antibiotics is significantly high in the member states of EMRWHO. Pharmacies pointed out as the most common source of obtaining antibiotics for self-medication. The commonest reasons for antibiotic self-medication include: saving time and money. The most common illnesses implicated in antibiotic self-medication were upper-respiratory infections and the most common antibiotic was Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid. Yemen has the highest pooled rate with a rate of 75.0% (95% CI 63.4% − 83.9%), whilst Lebanon has the lowest pooled rate with a prevalence of 28.7% (95% CI 18.4% − 41.8%). The overall prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics in EMRWHO was 47.2% (95% CI 41.6% – 52.9%). We report on data from 60 articles and 49629 participants in this review. Studies published in English from 2000 to 2018 were included in the review. The lists of references of the selected articles were also hand-searched to obtained additional relevant articles. Database search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science using a combination of keywords which included antimicrobial, antibacterial, antibiotic, self-medication, self-treatment, self-prescription, non-prescribed, irrational use, inappropriate use, misuse, abuse and Eastern Mediterranean Region of WHO countries. Review conforms to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. Therefore, this review sought to determine the pooled prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics, self-medicated illness, reasons for self-medication, antibiotics used for self-medication, source of obtaining antibiotics, the inappropriate practice of antibiotics and suggested recommendations for talking self-medication with antibiotics in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of the World Health Organization (EMRWHO). Besides, it leads to a waste of resources. Recently, inappropriate use of antibiotics has been correlated with life-threatening side-effects such as adverse effects, increased cost of treatment, and the higher rate of microbial resistance. It is therefore important for healthcare managers and policymakers in the EMR to identify the causes of inefficiency, to improve TE and develop cost-effective strategies. Conclusion: Efficiency plays a significant role in hospital growth and development. Different mean and standard deviation values were obtained from DEA (0.428☐.024), DEA and Pabón Lasso Analysis (0.925☐.029), Pabón Lasso Analysis (0.790☐.086) and SFA (0.594☐.056), due to the different inputs and outputs used in these methods. Three approaches were used to measure hospital efficiency: data envelope analysis (DEA), stochastic frontier analysis (SFA), and Pabón Lasso Analysis. Results: Using the random-effects model, the mean hospital efficiency in Eastern Mediterranean hospitals was 0.829 ± 0.026 at 95% CI.
#COMPREHENSIVE META ANALYSIS 2.2.064 SOFTWARE#
Fifty articles were finally selected, and data was analyzed through the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software (v.2.2.064). The reference lists of these articles were checked for additional relevant studies. Increasing the efficiency of hospitals can result in better and sustainable achievement of their organizational goals.The purpose of the present research is to examine hospital efficiency in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR).Methods: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis of all articles published on hospital efficiency in Eastern Mediterranean countries between January 1999 and May 2018, identified by searching three databases (PubMed through MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Embase) and two search engines (Google and Google Scholar). Background: Recent rising costs and shortages of healthcare resources make it necessary to address the issue of hospital efficiency.